温度、湿度、压强是3个重要的大气参数。快速、准确地了解大气的温度、湿度和压强信息及其变化趋势，对天气、气候、人工影响天气等研究有重要意义。拉曼激光雷达通过分离拉曼散射信号反演得到各种大气环境相关参数，可实现对大气参数廓线信息的高精度探测，在大气温湿压探测中独具优势与潜力。本文介绍了拉曼激光雷达对大气温度、湿度和压强的探测原理与反演方法，着重介绍了拉曼激光雷达中滤光片、标准具、光栅等常用分光器件的优缺点及其进展，以及拉曼激光雷达中涉及到的探测技术。最后例举了利用拉曼激光雷达对气象参数测量的典型应用。

针对天文观测和深空探测需求，提出了星载10 m合成孔径相干成像望远镜概念和形式。给出了波长可调谐激光本振相干探测器形式，分析了大口径衍射薄膜镜的双波段实现方式和系统主要参数。提出了基于子镜结构的光学合成孔径相干成像算法，给出了基于相位恢复的阵列形变误差波前估计仿真结果，由于多个子镜所接收复信号的成像处理在计算机软件中完成，相比传统望远镜，可降低对微调机构等硬件的精度要求。该望远镜在短波红外1.45~1.65 μm光谱范围内的中心波长角分辨率为0.15 μrad；在中波红外4.55~4.75 μm光谱范围内的中心波长角分辨率为0.46 μrad，其探测灵敏度在原理上是传统10 m口径望远镜的约2.8倍。

The human visual system, dependent on retinal cells, can be regarded as a complex combination of optical system and nervous system. Artificial retinal system could mimic the sensing and processing function of human eyes. Optically stimulated synaptic devices could serve as the building blocks for artificial retinas and subsequent information transmission system to brain. Herein, photonic synaptic transistors based on polycrystalline MoS₂, which could simulate human visual perception and brain storage, are presented. Moreover, the photodetection range from visible light to near-infrared light of MoS₂ multilayer could extend human eyes’ vision limitation to near-infrared light. Additionally, the photonic synaptic transistor shows an ultrafast speed within 5 μs and ultralow power consumption under optical stimuli about 40 aJ, several orders of magnitude lower than biological synapses (50 ms and 10 fJ). Furthermore, the backgate control could act as emotional modulation of the artificial brain to enhance or suppress memory function, i.e. the intensity of photoresponse. The proposed carrier trapping/detrapping as the main working mechanism is presented for the device. In addition, synaptic functionalities including short synaptic plasticity, long synaptic plasticity and paired-pulse facilitation could be successfully simulated based on the prepared device. Furthermore, the large difference between short synaptic plasticity and long synaptic plasticity reveals the better image pre-processing function of the prepared photonic synapses. The classical Pavlovian conditioning associated with the associative learning is successfully implemented as well. Therefore, the efficient and rich functionalities demonstrate the potential of the MoS₂ synaptic device that integrates sensing-memory-preprocessing capabilities for realizing artificial neural networks with different emotions that mimic human retina and brain.The human visual system, dependent on retinal cells, can be regarded as a complex combination of optical system and nervous system. Artificial retinal system could mimic the sensing and processing function of human eyes. Optically stimulated synaptic devices could serve as the building blocks for artificial retinas and subsequent information transmission system to brain. Herein, photonic synaptic transistors based on polycrystalline MoS₂, which could simulate human visual perception and brain storage, are presented. Moreover, the photodetection range from visible light to near-infrared light of MoS₂ multilayer could extend human eyes’ vision limitation to near-infrared light. Additionally, the photonic synaptic transistor shows an ultrafast speed within 5 μs and ultralow power consumption under optical stimuli about 40 aJ, several orders of magnitude lower than biological synapses (50 ms and 10 fJ). Furthermore, the backgate control could act as emotional modulation of the artificial brain to enhance or suppress memory function, i.e. the intensity of photoresponse. The proposed carrier trapping/detrapping as the main working mechanism is presented for the device. In addition, synaptic functionalities including short synaptic plasticity, long synaptic plasticity and paired-pulse facilitation could be successfully simulated based on the prepared device. Furthermore, the large difference between short synaptic plasticity and long synaptic plasticity reveals the better image pre-processing function of the prepared photonic synapses. The classical Pavlovian conditioning associated with the associative learning is successfully implemented as well. Therefore, the efficient and rich functionalities demonstrate the potential of the MoS₂ synaptic device that integrates sensing-memory-preprocessing capabilities for realizing artificial neural networks with different emotions that mimic human retina and brain.

The integration of a single III-V semiconductor quantum dot with a plasmonic nanoantenna as a means toward efficient single-photon sources (SPEs) is limited due to its weak, wide-angle emission, and low emission rate. These limitations can be overcome by designing a unique linear array of plasmonic antenna structures coupled to nanowire-based quantum dot (NWQD) emitters. A linear array of a coupled device composed of multiple plasmonic antennas at an optimum distance from the quantum dot emitter can be designed to enhance the directionality and the spontaneous emission rate of an integrated single-photon emitter. Finite element modeling has been used to design these compact structures with high quantum efficiencies and directionality of single-photon emission while retaining the advantages of NWQDs. The Purcell enhancement factor of these structures approaches 66.1 and 145.8, respectively. Compared to a single NWQD of the same diameter, the fluorescence was enhanced by 1054 and 2916 times. The predicted collection efficiencies approach 85% (numerical aperture, NA=0.5) and 80% (NA=0.5), respectively. Unlike single-photon emitters based on bulky conventional optics, this is a unique nanophotonic single-emission photon source based on a line-array configuration that uses a surface plasmon-enhanced design with minimum dissipation. The designs presented in this work will facilitate the development of SPEs with potential integration with semiconductor optoelectronics.